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This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Spanish language. Unless otherwise noted, statements refer to Castilian Spanish, the standard dialect used in Spain on radio and television. For historical development of the sound system see History of Spanish. For details of geographical variation see Spanish dialects and varieties. Spanish has many allophones, so it is important here to distinguish phonemes (written between slashes / /) and corresponding allophones (written between brackets ()). ==Consonants== The phonemes , , and are realized as approximants (namely , hereafter represented without the undertack) or fricatives〔The continuant allophones of Spanish have been traditionally described as voiced ''fricatives'' (e.g. , who (in §100) describes the air friction of as being "''tenue y suave''" ('weak and smooth'); ; ; and , who describes as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as ''approximants'' in recent literature, such as ; ; and . The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word ''abogado'' showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants.〕 in all places except after a pause, after a nasal consonant, or—in the case of —after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.〔 Some examples would be: ''hacia Bogotá'' (βo̞ɣo̞ˈta ) ('towards Bogota'), ''el búho'' (ˈβu.o̞ ) ('the owl'), and ''el delfín'' (de̞lˈfin ) ('the dolphin'). The phoneme is realized as an approximant in all contexts except after a pause, a nasal, or a lateral. In these environments, it may be realized as an affricate (). The approximant allophone differs from non-syllabic in a number of ways; it has a lower F2 amplitude, is longer, can only appear in the syllable onset (including word-initially, where non-syllabic normally never appears), is a palatal fricative in emphatic pronunciations, and is unspecified for rounding (e.g. ''viuda'' 'widow' vs ''ayuda'' 'help'). The two also overlap in distribution after and : ''enyesar'' ('to plaster') ''aniego'' ('flood').〔 Although there is dialectal and ideolectal variation, speakers may also exhibit other near-minimal pairs like ''abyecto'' ('abject') vs ''abierto'' ('opened').〔 cite the minimal pair ''ya visto'' ('I already dress') vs ''y ha visto'' ('and he has seen')〕 There are some alternations between the two, prompting scholars like 〔cited in 〕 to postulate an archiphoneme , so that ''ley'' would be transcribed phonemically as and ''leyes'' as . In a number of varieties, including some American ones, a process parallel to the one distinguishing non-syllabic from consonantal occurs for non-syllabic and a rare consonantal .〔〔Generally is though it may also be ( citing and ).〕 Near-minimal pairs include ''deshuesar'' ('to bone') vs. ''desuello'' ('skinning'), ''son huevos'' ('they are eggs') vs ''son nuevos'' ('they are new'), and ''huaca'' ('Indian grave') vs ''u oca'' ('or goose'). The phoneme (as distinct from ) is found in some areas in Spain (mostly northern and rural) and some areas of South America (mostly highlands). Most speakers in Spain (except for Western Andalusia and all Canary Islands), including the variety prevalent on radio and television, have both and (''distinción''). However, speakers in Latin America and those parts of southern Spain have only (''seseo''). Some speakers in southernmost Spain (especially coastal Andalusia) have only (a consonant similar to ) and not (''ceceo''). This "ceceo" is not entirely unknown in the Americas, especially in coastal Peru. The phoneme has three different pronunciations ("laminal s", "apical s" or "apical dental s") depending on dialect. The phonemes and are laminal denti-alveolars (). The phoneme becomes dental before denti-alveolar consonants,〔 while remains interdental in all contexts.〔 According to some authors,〔For example , and 〕 is post-velar or uvular in the Spanish of northern and central Spain.〔, cited in 〕 Others〔such as 〕 describe as velar in European Spanish, with a uvular allophone () appearing before (including when is in the syllable onset as ).〔 A common pronunciation of in nonstandard speech is the voiceless bilabial fricative , so that ''fuera'' is pronounced rather than . In some Extremaduran, western Andalusian, and American varieties, this softened realization of /f/, when it occurs before /w/, is subject to merger with /x/; in some areas the homophony of ''fuego''/''juego'' is resolved by replacing ''fuego'' with ''lumbre'' or ''candela''. is a marginal phoneme that occurs only in loanwords; many speakers have difficulty with this sound, tending to replace it with or . In a number of dialects (most notably, Northern Mexican Spanish, informal Chilean Spanish, and some Caribbean and Andalusian accents) occurs, as a deaffricated .〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spanish phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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